A Framework for BIOELECTRONICS Discovery and Innovation

Acknowledgements The participants of the Bioelectronics Roundtable are thanked for their contributions at the Bioelectronics Roundtable held November 4, 2008 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina and their input to this report. In particular, Madoo Varma of Intel Corporation provided graphic material and thoughtful feedback that greatly improved the report. Reviews Ahn are gratefully acknowledged. Stacey Shirland is thanked for her support of both the workshop and the preparation of the report. Motivation There is an opportunity for dramatically increased synergy between electronics and biology, fostered by the march of electronics technologies to the atomic scale and rapid advances in system, cell, and molecular biology. In the next decade, it may become possible to restore vision or reverse the effects of spinal cord injury or disease; for a lab-on-a-chip to allow medical diagnoses without a clinic or instantaneous biological agent detection. Bioelectronics is the discipline resulting from the convergence of biology and electronics and it has the potential to significantly impact many areas important to the nation's economy and well-being, including healthcare and medicine, homeland security, forensics, and protecting the environment and the food supply. Not only can advances in electronics impact biology and medicine, but conversely understanding biology may provide powerful insights into efficient assembly processes, devices, and architectures for nanoelectronics technologies, as physical limits of existing technologies are approached. This report develops the thesis that advances in bioelectronics can offer new and improved methods and tools while simultaneously reducing their costs, due to the continuing exponential gains in functionality-per-unit-cost in nanoelectronics (aka Moore's Law a). These gains drove the cost per transistor down by a factor of one million between 1970 and 2008 (for comparison, over the same period, the average cost of a new car rose from $3,900 to $26,000) and enabled unprecedented increases in productivity. In this report, a number of emerging opportunities in bioelectronics are identified. Although, it is difficult to project the financial benefits at this early stage of research, the following figures for the costs of just a few diseases that could be impacted by bioelectronics provides a sense of the magnitude of potential markets and of the benefits to individuals and society in the healthcare sector alone. In 2008, an estimated 1.4 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and over 560,000 cancer deaths were reported in the United States, costing nearly $90 billion in direct medical expenses and $130 billion more …